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cti_test.pro
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1997-07-08
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;$Id: cti_test.pro,v 1.4 1997/01/15 03:11:50 ali Exp $
;
; Copyright (c) 1994-1997, Research Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
; Unauthorized reproduction prohibited.
;+
; NAME:
; CTI_TEST
;
; PURPOSE:
; This function constructs a "contingency table" from an array of
; observed frequencies and tests the hypothesis that the rows and
; columns are independent using an extension of the chi-squared
; goodness-of-fit test. The result is a two-element vector contain-
; ing the chi-squared test statistic X2 and probability of obtaining
; a value of X2 or greater.
;
; CATEGORY:
; Statistics.
;
; CALLING SEQUENCE:
; Result = CTI_TEST(OBFREQ)
;
; INPUTS:
; OBFREQ: An array of c-columns and r-rows of type integer, float
; or double containing observed frequencies.
;
; KEYWORD PARAMETERS:
; COEFF: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; the Coefficient of Contingency. A non-negative scalar,
; in the interval [0.0, 1.0], which measures the degree
; of dependence within a contingency table. The larger the
; value of COEFF, the greater the degree of dependence.
;
; CORRECTED: If set to a nonzero value, the "Yate's Correction for
; Continuity" is used to compute the chi-squared test
; statistic, X2. The Yate's correction always decreases the
; magnitude of the chi-squared test statistic, X2. In general,
; this keyword should be set for small sample sizes.
;
; CRAMV: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; Cramer's V. A non-negative scalar, in the interval [0.0, 1.0],
; which measures the degree of dependence within a contingency
; table.
;
; DF: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; the degrees of freedom used to compute the probability of
; obtaining the value of the chi-squared test statistic or
; greater. DF = (r - 1) * (c - 1) where r and c are the
; number of rows and columns of the contingency table,
; respectively.
;
; EXFREQ: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; an array of c-columns and r-rows containing expected
; frequencies. The elements of this array are often refered
; to as the "cells" of the expected frequencies. The expected
; frequency of each cell is computed as the product of row
; and column marginal frequencies divided by the overall
; total of observed frequencies.
;
; RESIDUAL: Use this keyword to specify a named variable which returns
; an array of c-columns and r-rows containing signed differences
; between corresponding cells of observed frequencies and
; expected frequencies.
;
; EXAMPLE:
; Define the 5-column and 4-row array of observed frequencies.
; obfreq = [[748, 821, 786, 720, 672], $
; [ 74, 60, 51, 66, 50], $
; [ 31, 25, 22, 16, 15], $
; [ 9, 10, 6, 5, 7]]
; Test the hypothesis that the rows and columns of "obfreq" contain
; independent data at the 0.05 significance level.
; result = cti_test(obfreq, coeff = coeff)
; The result should be the two-element vector [14.3953, 0.276181].
; The computed value of 0.276181 indicates that there is no reason to
; reject the proposed hypothesis at the 0.05 significance level.
; The Coefficient of Contingency returned in the parameter "coeff"
; (coeff = 0.0584860) also indicates the lack of dependence between
; the rows and columns of the observed frequencies. Setting the
; CORRECTED keyword returns the two-element vector [12.0032, 0.445420]
; and (coeff = 0.0534213) resulting in the same conclusion of
; independence.
;
; PROCEDURE:
; CTI_TEST constructs a "contingency table" from a 2-dimensional
; input array of observed frequencies and applies the principles of
; the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test to determine the independence
; of the rows and columns. For small sample sizes, a correction for
; absolute differences between observed and expected frequencies may
; be applied by setting the CORRECTED keyword.
;
; REFERENCE:
; PROBABILITY and STATISTICS for ENGINEERS and SCIENTISTS (3rd edition)
; Ronald E. Walpole & Raymond H. Myers
; ISBN 0-02-424170-9
;
; MODIFICATION HISTORY:
; Written by: GGS, RSI, August 1994
;-
function cti_test, obfreq, corrected = corrected, coeff = coeff, $
cramv = cramv, df = df, $
exfreq = exfreq, residual = residual
on_error, 2
;Size attributes for array of observed values.
sobfreq = size(obfreq)
if sobfreq[0] ne 2 then message, $
'Observed frequencies must be two-dimensional array.'
ineg = where(obfreq lt 0, nneg)
if nneg ne 0 then message, $
'Array of observed frequencies cannot contain negative data.'
col = sobfreq[1] ;Column dimension.
row = sobfreq[2] ;Row dimension.
obtotal = total(obfreq) ;Overall total.
;Marginal frequencies.
coltotal = total(obfreq, 2)
rowtotal = total(obfreq, 1)
;Expected frequencies.
exfreq = coltotal # rowtotal / obtotal
;Degrees of freedom
df = (row - 1) * (col - 1)
if keyword_set(corrected) ne 0 then begin
;Apply Yate's Correction.
residual = abs(obfreq - exfreq)
z = total((residual - 0.5)^2.0 / exfreq)
prob = 1 - chisqr_pdf(z, df)
endif else begin
residual = (obfreq - exfreq)
z = total(residual^2.0 / exfreq)
prob = 1 - chisqr_pdf(z, df)
endelse
;Coefficient of contingency.
coeff = sqrt(z / (z + obtotal))
;Cramer's V.
cramv = sqrt(z / (obtotal * min([row - 1, col - 1])))
return, [z, prob]
end